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and method B. Based on its broader applicability and increased accuracy, ANSI S3.4-2005 is recommended for cal- culating the loudness of steady sounds as perceived by listen- ers with normal hearing.AT
1 In ANSI standard S3.4-2005 threshold loudness of 0.003 sones is given as 2 phons.
References
ANSI S3.4-1980 (R2003). “American National Standard-Procedure for the computation of loudness of noise,” (Acoustical Society of America, Melville, NY).
ANSI S3.4-2005 (2005). “American National Standard-Procedure for the computation of loudness of steady sounds,” (Acoustical Society of America, Melville, NY).
Buus, S., Muesch, H., and Florentine, M. (1998). “On loudness at threshold,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103, 399–410.
Fletcher, H., and Munson, W. A. (1933). “Loudness, its definition, measurement and calculation,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 5, 82–108.
Glasberg, B. R., and Moore, B. C. J. (1990). “Derivation of auditory fil- ter shapes from notched-noise data,” Hear. Res. 47, 103–138.
Glasberg, B. R., and Moore, B. C. J. (2006). “Prediction of absolute thresholds and equal-loudness contours using a modified loudness model,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120, 585–588.
Hellman, R. (1976). “Growth of loudness at 1000 and 3000 Hz,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 672–679.
Hellman, R. P. (1991). “Predicting the loudness of tone-noise com- plexes from Stevens’s and Zwicker’s procedures,” in Proceedings of Noise-Con 91, edited by D. A. Quinlan and M. G. Prasad (Tarrytown, New York), p. 491–498.
Hellman, R. (2002). “Predicting the loudness and annoyance of low- frequency spectra,” Sound Quality Symposium, SQS 2002, Dearborn, Michigan.
Hellman, R. P. (2006). “Rationale for a new loudness standard,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 3291(A).
Hellman, R. P., and Zwicker, E. (1987). “Why can a decrease in dB(A) produce an increase in loudness?,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82, 1700–1705.
Hellman, R. P., and Zwislocki, J. J. (1961). “Some factors affecting the estimation of loudness,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 33, 687–684.
Hellman, R. P., and Zwislocki, J. J. (1963). “Monaural loudness func- tion at 1000 cps and interaural summation,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 35, 856–865.
ISO/R 131:1959 (1959). “Expression of physical and subjective mag- nitudes of sound,” (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva).
ISO 532:1975 (1975). “Method for calculating loudness level,” (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva).
ISO 226:2003 (2003). “Acoustics-Normal equal-loudness-level con- tours,” (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva).
ISO 389-7:2005 (2005). “Acoustics-Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment, Part 7: Reference threshold of hearing under free-field and diffuse-field listening conditions,” (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva).
Marks, L. E. (1978). “Binaural summation of the loudness of pure tones,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64, 107–113.
Moore, B. C. J., Glasberg, B. R., and Baer, T. (1997). “A model for the prediction of thresholds, loudness and partial loudness,” J. Audio Eng. Soc. 45, 224–240.
Moore, B. C. J., and Sek, A. (1995). “Auditory filtering and the critical bandwidth at low frequencies,” in Advances in Hearing Research, edited by G. A. Manley, G. M. Klump, C. Koppl, H. Fastl, and H. Oeckinghaus (World Scientific, Singapore), p. 425–436.
Patterson, R. D., and Moore, B. C. J. (1986). “Auditory filters and exci- tation patterns as representations of frequency resolution,” in Frequency Selectivity in Hearing, edited by B. C. J. Moore (Academic, New York), p. 123–177.
Scharf, B., and Hellman, R. (1980). “How best to predict human response to noise on the basis of acoustic variables,” in: Noise as a Public Health Problem, Proceedings of the Third International Congress, Freiburg, Germany, edited by J.V. Tobias, G. Jansen, W. Dixon Ward. (ASHA Reports 10, The American Speech- Language-Hearing Association, Rockville, Maryland), p. 475–487.
Stevens, S. S. (1957). “Calculating loudness.” Noise Control 3, 11–22. Stevens, S. S. (1961). “Procedure for calculating loudness: Mark VI,” J.
Acoust. Soc. Am. 33, 1577–1585.
Suzuki, Y., and Takeshima, H. (2004). “Equal-loudness contours for
pure tones,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 918–933.
Zwicker, E. (1958). “Ueber psychologische und methodische
Grundlagen der Lauthheit” (“On the psychological and method-
ological bases of loudness”), Acustica 8, 237–258.
Zwicker, E., Fastl, H., and Dallmayr, C. (1984). “Basic program for cal- culating the loudness of sounds from their 1/3-octave-band spec-
tra according to ISO 532B,” Acustica 55, 63–67.
Zwicker, E., and Fastl, H. (1999). Psychoacoustics-Facts and Models,
2nd Edition (Springer, Berlin).
Zwicker, E., and Scharf, B. (1965). “A model of loudness summation,”
Psychol. Rev. 72, 3–26.
Zwislocki, J. J. (1965). “Analysis of some auditory characteristics,” in
Handbook of Mathematical Psychology, edited by R.D. Luce, R.R. Bush, and E. Galanter (Wiley, New York), p. 1–97.
Rhona Hellman studied psychoa- coustics with Jozef Zwislocki at Syracuse University where she received an MS degree in Speech Pathology and Audiology in 1960. From there, she spent 9 years as a Research Associate in the Laboratory of Psychophysics at Harvard University, and 20 years as an Adjunct Associate Professor in the Auditory Perception
Laboratory at Northeastern University. In 1998 she received a Ph.D. in Information Sciences from Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan. Currently, Dr. Hellman is a Senior Research Scientist in the Department of Speech-Language-Pathology and Audiology and a member of the Institute for Hearing, Speech, and Language at Northeastern University. She is a Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America and the chair of ANSI Working Group S3/WG 51 on Auditory Magnitudes. She is also a member of ISO/TC 43/WG 1 “Threshold of hearing.” As part of this effort, she received support from an International Joint Research Grant sponsored by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO, Japan) to help revise the ISO stan- dard for the equal-loudness contours. Her research has pri- marily focused on the measurement of loudness in normal and impaired hearing.
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