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RAINFALL AT SEA References Atlas, D., Ulbrich, C. W., Marks, F. D., Amitai, E., and Williams, C. R. (1999). Systematic variation of drop size and radar-rainfall relations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 104, 6155-6169. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD200098. Howe, B. M., Miksis-Olds, J., Rehm, E., Sagen, H., Worcester, P. F., and Haralabus, G. (2019). Observing the oceans acoustically. Frontiers in Marine Science 6, 426. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00426. Lindstrom, E. J., Shcherbina, A. Y., Rainville, L., Farrar, J. T., Centurioni, L. R., Dong, S., D’Asaro, E. A., Eriksen, C., Fratantoni, D. M., Hodges, B. A., and Hormann, V. (2017). Autonomous multi-platform observations during the salinity processes in the upper-ocean regional study. Ocean- ography 30(2), 38-48. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.218. Ma, B. B., and Leopold, P. (2021). Obituary: Jeffrey A. Nystuen, 1957- 2020. Acoustics Today 17(1), 72. Available at https://bit.ly/3pPaYLn. Ma, B. B., and Nystuen, J. A. (2005a). Passive acoustic detection and measurement of rainfall at sea. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 22, 1225-1248. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1773.1. Ma, B. B., and Nystuen, J. A. (2005b). Prediction of underwater sound levels from rain and wind. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, 3555-3565. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1910283. Ma, B. B., Rainville, L., Shilling, G., and Lee, C. M. (2018). Passive acoustic rainfall measurement using seagliders. Proceedings of 2018 Ocean Sciences Meeting, Portland, OR, February 11-16, 2018. Avail- able at https://bit.ly/3hQ2GPi. Medwin, H. (1990). The oceanic world of infant and adult micro- bubbles. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 88, S1. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2028896. Medwin, H., Nystuen, J. A., Jacobus, P. W., Ostwald, L. H., and Synder, D. E. (1992). The anatomy of underwater rain noise. The Journal of the Acousti- cal Society of America 92, 1613-1623. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.403902. Miksis-Olds, J., Martin, B., and Tyack, P. J. (2018). Exploring the ocean through soundscapes. Acoustics Today 14, 26-34. Available at https://bit.ly/3CEi2Qx. Minnaert, M. (1933). On musical air-bubbles and the sounds of run- ning water. London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 16(104), 235-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786443309462277. Nolet, G., Hello, Y., van der Lee, S., Bonnieux, S., Ruiz, M. C., Pazmino, N. A., Deschamps, A., Regnier, M. M., Font, Y., Chen, Y. J., and Simons, F. J. (2019). Imaging the Galápagos mantle plume with an unconventional application of floating seismometers. Scientific Reports 9, 1326. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36835-w. Nystuen, J. A. (1986). Rainfall measurements using underwater ambi- ent noise. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79, 972-982. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.393695. Nystuen, J. A. (1993). An explanation of the sound generated by light rain in the presence of wind. In B. R. Kerman (Ed.), Natural Physical Sources of Underwater Sound, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 659-668. Available at https://bit.ly/3KjzhZU. Nystuen, J. A. (2001). Listening to raindrops from underwater: An acoustic disdrometer. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 18, 1640-1657. Available at https://bit.ly/3t2EYpr. Nystuen, J. A., and Amitai, E. (2003). High temporal resolution of extreme rainfall rate variability and the acoustic classification of rainfall. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 108, 8378. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001481. Nystuen, J. A., and Medwin, H. (1995). Underwater sound generated by rainfall: Secondary splashes of aerosols. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 97, 1606-1613. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.412099. Nystuen, J. A., Anagnostou, M. N., Anagnostou, E. N., and Papado- poulos, A. (2015). Monitoring Greek seas using passive underwater acoustics. 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The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 149, 4579-4595. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0005440. Simons, F. J., Simon, J. D., and Pipatprathanporn, S. (2021). Twenty-thou- sand leagues under the sea: Recording earthquakes with autonomous floats. Acoustics Today 17(2), 42-51. Available at https://bit.ly/3CosCut. Worthington, A. M. (1908). A Study of Splashes. Longmans Green and Company, New York, NY. Available at https://bit.ly/3Cq4aZS. Yang, J., Riser, S. C., Nystuen, J. A., Asher, W. E., and Jessup, A. T. (2015). Regional rainfall measurements: Using the Passive Aquatic Listener during the SPURS field campaign. Oceanographer 28(1), 124-133. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2015.10.                      About the Authors  Barry B. Ma barry@apl.uw.edu Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98105, USA Barry B. Ma was born in Tainan, Taiwan. He received a BSs from the Republic of China (Taiwan) Naval Academy, Kaoh- siung City; a MSc in physical oceanography from the United States Naval Postgraduate School in 1998; and a PhD in oceanography from the University of Washington, Seattle, in 2004. He is a senior oceanographer at the Applied Physics Laboratory and an affiliate assistant professor in the School of Oceanography, University of Washington. His research interests include ocean ambient noise, internal tides, near- inertial waves, and autonomous floats navigation.       70 Acoustics Today • Summer 2022 


































































































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