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but, surprisingly, it was not known whether fish locate sound sources in the same manner or what strategies they used for sound source localization. Working with colleagues Richard Fay (see doi.org/10.1121/AT.2020.16.3.53) and David Zed- dies, we showed that the midshipman use local particle motion sound cues to guide sound source localization behavior. All fishes are thought to be able to detect the particle motion cues of underwater sound using their inner ear otolithic end organs, which act as biological accelerometers to sense linear acceleration and respond to the direct displacement of water particles relative to the fish caused by sound. We showed that midshipman rely on their inner ear “accelerometers” to detect acoustic particle motion cues, which helps guide them to sound sources during localization behavior. We also investigated the roles of the fish swim blad- der and the lateral line system in midshipman sound localization behavior and showed that sound pres- sure reception via the swim bladder is likely required, whereas the use of the lateral line was likely not required for sound source localization. Currently, my lab is still very much interested in research on sound localization by fishes as well as the underlying neural mechanisms for these behaviors. What do you think are the most pressing open questions that you would like to focus upon over the next 5-10 years? As I think about the big unanswered research questions in the field, it is apparent that we know very little about the cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms that are influenced by gonadal steroids and how these mecha- nisms ultimately modulate the sensitivity of auditory and other sensory systems. Future studies that examine how steroids such as estrogen regulate gene expression in the midshipman inner ear may eventually provide insight to the mechanisms responsible for hormone-dependent changes in hearing and other senses. This area of research seems to be the next frontier that bridges genes and behavior. Research in the not-so-distant future promises to be exciting. Stay tuned! Bibliography Sisneros, J. A., and Bass, A. H. (2003). Seasonal plasticity of peripheral auditory frequency sensitivity. Journal of Neuroscience 23, 1049-1058. Sisneros, J. A., Forlano, P. M., Deitcher, D. L., and Bass, A. H. (2004). Steroid-dependent auditory plasticity leads to adaptive coupling of sender and receiver. Science 305, 404-407. Sisneros, J. A., Forlano, P. M., Knapp, R., and Bass, A. H. (2004). Sea- sonal variation of steroid hormone levels in an intertidal-nesting fish, the vocal plainfin midshipman. General and Comparative Endocri- nology 136, 101-116. Tricas, T. C., Michael, S. W., and Sisneros, J. A. (1995). Electrosensory optimization to conspecific phasic signals for mating. Neuroscience Letters 202, 129-131. Zeddies, D. G., Fay, R. R., Alderks, P. W., Shaub, K. S., and Sisneros, J. A. (2010). Sound source localization by the plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 127, 3104-3113. Contact Information Joseph A. Sisneros sisneros@uw.edu Department of Psychology University of Washington 306 Guthrie Hall Seattle, Washington 98195-1525, USA The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America JASA Call For Submissions: JASA is currently accepting manuscripts for the following Special Issues: • Perception and Production of Sounds in the High-Frequency Range of Human Speech • 3D Sound Reconstruction for Virtual Audi- tory Displays: Applications in Buildings • Fish Bioacoustics: Hearing and Sound Communication Special Issue articles are free to read for one year after publication and don’t incur any mandatory page charges. Find out more at asa.scitation.org/jas/info/specialissues Summer 2022 • Acoustics Today 75