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ation. We now know that ozone exists at these altitudes because of exothermic photochemical processes driven by solar radia- tion. But these were the early days with regard to understanding atmospheric ozone.
References for further reading
A.P. Crary, “Stratosphere winds and temperatures from acoustical propagation studies,” J. Meteorol. 7, 233-242 (1950).
William Derham, “Experimenta et observationes de soni motu,” (Experiments and observations on the motion of sound) Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. of London, 26, 2-35 (1708). J. C. Welling translat- ed Derham’s paper into English. Several short sections of that trans- lation are contained in two articles in the Monthly Weather Review: December 1896, 459-460; and May 1914, 258-265. The latter is an article by Harry Bateman, “The influence of meteorological condi- tions on the propagation of sound.”
James Glaisher, Travels in the Air (Richard Bentley, London, 1871). Glaisher’s book contains detailed accounts of his own balloon flights and those of the French aeronauts Camille Flammarion, W. de Fonvielle and Gaston Tissandier.
Edward H. Gowan, “The effect of ozone on the temperature of the upper atmosphere,” Proc. Royal Soc. of London A120, 655-669 (1928).
B. Gutenberg, “The velocity of sound waves and the temperature in the stratosphere in Southern California,” Bull. Am. Meteorolog. Soc. 20, 192-201 (1939). “Physical properties of the atmosphere up to 100 km,” J. Meteorol. 3, 27-30 (1946). “Die Schallausbreitung in der Atmosphäre,” (Propagation of sound in the atmosphere) Handbuch der Geophysik 9, 89-145 (1932).
Sir James Jeans, An Introduction to the Kinetic Theory of Gases, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1940) p. 42.
F.A. Lindemann and G.M.B. Dobson, “A theory of meteors, and the density and temperature of the outer atmosphere to which it leads,” Proc. Royal Soc. London A102, 411-437 (1923).
Lord Rayleigh, “On the propagation of waves through a stratified medium, with special reference to the question of reflection,” Proc. Roy. Soc. London A86, 207-226 (1912).
Osborne Reynolds, “On the refraction of sound by the atmosphere,” Proc. Royal Soc. London 22, 531-548 (1873-1874) “On the refrac- tion of sound by the atmosphere,” Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London 166, 315-324 (1876).
E. Schrödinger, “Zur Akustik der Atmosphäre,” (On the acoustics of the atmosphere), Physikalische Zeitschrift 18, 445-453, (1917).
G. G. Stokes, “On the effect of wind on the intensity of sound,” Report of the British Association, 22-23, Dublin (1857).
John Tyndall, “Preliminary account of an investigation on the trans- mission of sound by the atmosphere,” Proc. Royal Soc. London 22, 58-68 (1873-1874). “On the atmosphere as a vehicle of sound,” Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London 164, 183-244 (1874).
F.J.W. Whipple, “Seasonal variation in the audibility of distant gun- fire,” Quarterly J. of the Royal Meteorolog. Soc. 44, 285-289 (1918).
Patrick Wilson, “Biographical account of Alexander Wilson,” Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh 10, 279-297 (1826).
Tom Gabrielson is a Senior Scientist and Professor of Acoustics at Penn State. Tom received a Ph.D. in Acoustics with research in the effects of turbulence on the refractive focus- ing of infrasound in the atmosphere. His current research concerns the design and development of high-per- formance transducers, the develop- ment of precision calibration tech- niques, and the development of tech-
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Refraction of Sound in the Atmosphere 17