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42 W.M.To,R.C.W.Ip,G.C.K.Lam,andC.T.H.Yau,“Amultiple regression model for urban traffic noise in Hong Kong,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112, 551–556 (2002).
43 Methods for Calculation of the Speech Intelligibility Index. American National Standards Institute ANSI S3.5 (1997).
44 M. Long, “Dinner conversation (an oxymoron?),” Acoust. Today 1, 25–27 (2005).
45 N. P. Miller, “Transportation noise and recreational lands,” Noise/News International 11, 9–21 (2003). The first author wishes to thank Nicholas P. Miller (Harris Miller Miller & Hanson Inc.) for providing additional information on this data, and Gilles Daigle (National Research Council, Canada) for discussions on this topic.
46 J. Miksis-Olds and J. H. Miller, “Transmission loss in manatee habi- tats,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120, 2320–2327 (2006).
47 C. I. Malme, P. I. Miles, C. W. Clark, P. Tyack, and J. E. Bird,
Investigations of the Potential Effects of Underwater Noise from Petroleum Industry Activities on Migrating Gray Whale Behavior:
January 1984 Migration. Final Report No. 5586 report prepared by Bolt, Beranek and Newman Inc., Cambridge, MA, for the U.S. Minerals Management Service, Anchorage, AK. BBN, Inc. NTIS PB-86-218377 (1984), 297 pp.
48 D. R. Ketten, “Marine mammal auditory systems: a summary of audiometric and anatomical data and implications for underwater acoustic impacts,” Polarforschung 72, 79–92 (2004).
49 T. B. Gabrielson, “Refraction of Sound in the Atmosphere,” Acoust. Today 2, 7–17 (2006).
50 W. Carey, “Sound Sources and Levels in the Ocean,” IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 31, 61–75 (2006).
51 B. S. Miller, A. L. Zosuls, D. R. Ketten, and D. C. Mountain, “Middle-ear stiffness of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncates,” IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 31, 87–94 (2006).
52 W. J. Richardson, C. R. Greene, Jr., C. I. Malme, and D. H. Thomson, Marine Mammals and Noise. (Academic Press, San Diego, 1995).
Peter H. Dahl received the Ph.D. degree in ocean engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, Joint Program in Oceanography and Oceanographic Engineering in 1989. He is a Principal Engineer at the Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, where he has
been since 1989, and conducts experimental and theoretical research in underwater acoustics. He is a Research Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering, where he teaches grad- uate courses in acoustics and advises graduate students. For the past three years he has presented a month-long course, What is Sound?, to freshman as part of the University of Washington’s fall early start program. He was an Associate Editor for the IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering from 1997-2003, and served as Guest Editor for its recent Special Issue on Asian Marginal Seas. He is also a Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, and recently completed serv- ing as Chair of the Technical Committee on Underwater Acoustics.
James H. Miller earned his B.S. in
Electrical Engineering in 1979 from
Worcester Polytechnic Institute, his
M.S. in Electrical Engineering in
1981 from Stanford University, and
his Doctor of Science in
Oceanographic Engineering in 1987
from Massachusetts Institute of
Technology and Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution. He was
on the faculty of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Naval Postgraduate School from 1987 through 1995. Since 1995 he has been on the fac- ulty of the Department of Ocean Engineering at the University of Rhode Island where he is Professor of Ocean Engineering and Oceanography. He has more than 100 pub- lications in the area of acoustical oceanography, underwater
acoustics, signal processing and marine bioacoustics. In 2003, he was elected Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America. He has served as Associate Editor for Underwater Sound for the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America responsible for scattering, inverse methods, and fish acoustics. He is a member of Sigma Xi, Tau Beta Pi, Eta Kappa Nu, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the Acoustical Society of America, and the Marine Technology Society.
Douglas H. Cato is with Australia’s Defence Science and Technology Organisation in Sydney, and is Adjunct Professor and Director of the University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science. He is a Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America. His main research interests are ambient sea noise, marine bioacoustics and the effects of noise on marine animals.
Rex K. Andrew received the B.S (physics)
and M.S.E.E. degrees from the University
of Washington, Seattle, in 1981 and 1987
respectively, and the Ph.D/E.E. degree
from the University of Victoria, Victoria,
B.C., Canada, in 1997. From 1987 to
1991, he was with the Naval Undersea
Warfare Engineering Station, Keyport,
WA, where he led an effort to develop
large-aperture discrete-element over-the-
side acoustic measurement systems. From 1997 to 1998, he was with the Department of Radiology, University of Washington, where he developed diagnostic ultrasound video codecs using 3-D wavelets. From 1997 to 1999 he developed 2-D image reg- istration and alignment algorithms with Ioptics, Inc. He joined the Ocean Acoustics Department at the Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, in 1999, where his major interests are statistical signal and array processing, ambient noise, acoustical wave propagation in random media, and acoustical oceanography.
Underwater Ambient Noise 33