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pedics than urology, which may lead to increased use of ultrasound for guidance of shock wave delivery.AT
Conclusions
The acoustics community has played an important role in lithotripsy research, and this effort has had a major effect on how lithotripters are now being designed and how lithotripsy is being performed. Today the field of shock waves in medicine is open, with many opportunities for research and involvement in the continued development of novel ther- apies to treat important health problems. Progress seems inevitable, and with continued involvement and contribution from the acoustics community, we can look forward to sig- nificant advances in the future.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) (DK43881, DK55674, Fogarty International Research Collaboration Award (FIRCA)), Office of Naval Research International Field Office (ONRIFO), U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation (CRDF), and National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) SMS00402. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases has maintained lithotripsy research as a priority area for over 15 years. We thank the Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound and the Consortium for Shock Waves in Medicine, in particular, Prof. Oleg A. Sapozhnikov (Moscow State University), Prof. Robin O. Cleveland (Boston University), Prof. Lawrence A. Crum (University of Washington), students Adam Maxwell (University of Washington), Eric Johnsen (California Institute of Technology) and Parag Chitnis (Boston University) for data and figures presented.
References for further reading:
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6. J. Lingeman, M. Delius, A. Evan, M. Gupta, K. Sarica, W. Strohmaier, J. McAteer, and J. Williams, “Bioeffects and phys- ical mechanisms of SW effects in SWL.” in Stone Disease: First International Consultation on Stone Disease, edited by J. Segura, P. Conort, S. Khoury, C. Pak, G.M. Preminger, and D. Tolley (Heath Publications, Paris, 2003), pp. 251-286.
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15. M.R. Bailey, D.T. Blackstock, R.O. Cleveland, and L.A. Crum, “Comparison of electrohydraulic lithotripters with rigid and pressure-release ellipsoidal reflectors: II. Cavitation fields,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 1149-1160 (1999).
16. A.P. Evan, L.R. Willis, B.A. Connors, Y. Shao, J.E. Lingeman, J.C. Williams, Jr., J.A. McAteer, N.S. Fineberg, M.R. Bailey, and L.A. Crum, “Kidney damage and renal functional changes are minimized by waveform control that suppresses cavitation in SWL,” J. Urology 168(4, Pt. 1), 1556-1562 (2002).
17. M.R. Bailey, R.O. Cleveland, D.T. Blackstock, and L.A. Crum, “Use of two pulses to control cavitation in lithotripsy,” Proceedings of the 16th International Congress on Acoustics (Seattle, Washington, USA, 1998), pp. 2807-2808 and M.R. Bailey, “Control of acoustic cavitation with application to lithotripsy,” Technical Report ARL-TR-97-1, Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas and Defense Technical Information Center, Belvoir, Virginia (1997).
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19. J.C. Williams, J.F. Woodward, M.A. Stonehill, A.P. Evan, and J.A. McAteer, “Cell damage by lithotripter shock waves at high pressure to preclude cavitation,” Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 25(9), 1445-1449 (1999).
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21. L.R. Willis, A.P. Evan, B.A. Connors, P.M. Blomgren, R.K. Handa, and J.E. Lingeman, “Same-pole application of low- and high-energy shock waves protects kidney from SWL-induced tissue injury,” J. Urology 171(4 suppl. S), 294 (abstr) (2004).
22. L.R. Willis, A.P. Evan, B.A. Connors, R.K. Handa, P.M. Blomgren, and J.E. Lingeman, “Prevention of lithotripsy-
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