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increasing greenhouse gases on climate. The travel times of acoustic rays that cycle deep into the ocean, when combined with other measurements of the upper ocean, may make it possible to detect climate signals in the abyssal depths with the required precision of a few m°C.
It is inconceivable to us that oceanographers (and other marine mammals) should not take advantage of the fact that the ocean is transparent to sound.AT
Acknowledgments
As is the case for many large research projects, the authors of this short summary are no more than reporters of the work of many. The results presented here represent the efforts of our col- leagues in the ATOC Consortium (A.B. Baggeroer, T.G. Birdsall, C. Clark, J.A. Colosi, B.D. Cornuelle, D. Costa, B.D. Dushaw, M.A. Dzieciuch, A.M.G. Forbes, C. Hill, B.M. Howe, J. Marshall, D. Menemenlis, J.A. Mercer, K. Metzger, W.H. Munk, R.C. Spindel, D. Stammer, P.F. Worcester, and C. Wunsch) and the NPAL Group (J.A. Colosi, B.D. Cornuelle, B.D. Dushaw, M.A. Dzieciuch, B.M. Howe, J.A. Mercer, W.H. Munk, R.C. Spindel, and P.F. Worcester). Our research on acoustic tomography and thermometry has been supported over the years by the Office of Naval Research, the National Science Foundation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the National Ocean Partnership Program.
References
1 W.H. Munk and C. Wunsch, “Observing the ocean in the 1990’s,” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London A 307, 439–464 (1982).
2 W.H. Munk, P.F. Worcester, and C. Wunsch, Ocean Acoustic Tomography, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 433 pp. (1995).
3 W.H. Munk and P.F. Worcester, “Monitoring the ocean acoustical- ly,” In: Science, Technology, and the Modern Navy, Thirtieth Anniversary, 1946–1976 (ONR-37), Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia, 497–508 (1976). Also appears as: “Weather and Climate Under the Sea— The Navy’s Habitat,” In: Science and the Future Navy—A Symposium, Thirtieth Anniversary Volume, Office of Naval Research, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 42–52 (1977).
4 W.H. Munk, R.C. Spindel, A.B. Baggeroer, and T.G. Birdsall, “The Heard Island Feasibility Test,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96, 2330–2342 (1994).
5 Munk subsequently briefed Vice President Gore on ATOC. When Munk encountered the Vice President on a number of occasions following the briefing, the Vice President referred to Munk as the “Whale Killer.”
6 ATOC Consortium (A.B. Baggeroer, T.G. Birdsall, C. Clark, J.A. Colosi, B.D. Cornuelle, D. Costa, B.D. Dushaw, M.A. Dzieciuch, A.M.G. Forbes, C. Hill, B.M. Howe, J. Marshall, D. Menemenlis, J.A. Mercer, K. Metzger, W.H. Munk, R.C. Spindel, D. Stammer, P.F. Worcester, and C. Wunsch), “Ocean climate change: Comparison of
16 Acoustics Today, October 2005