Multimedia1: An interactive 3D anatomy model of the human middle ear and inner ear, as reconstructed from micro-CT imaging can be downloaded here and played on the readers computer in Adobe Acrobat (note, Adobe may take several seconds to load this file). (Figure generated by Andrew Tubelli of the OtoBiomechanics Group at EPL.)

Multimedia2: Animations at 0.1, 1, 5, 10, and 20 kHz are available ( from a finite-element model of the human middle ear that illustrates the complex motions of the eardrum and ossicular chain. The model eardrum exhibits modes whose spatial frequencies increase with stimulus frequency, in a manner qualitatively consistent with holographic measurements of eardrum-surface motion and three-dimensional motion measurements of the ossicles. (Video from O’Connor, K. N., Cai, H., and Puria, S. (2017). The effects of varying tympanic-membrane material properties on human middle-ear sound transmission in a three-dimensional finite-element model. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 142, 2836-2853.)

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